ABSTRACT
Background: Cytokine plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cytokine storm is characterized by rapid elevation of an inflammatory circulating cytokine such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1. However, according to evidence, genetic variables may affect the development and course of infectious diseases. Multiple genetic polymorphisms, mostly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been linked to this setting's predisposition to viral infections. This study aimed to determine the frequency distribution of IL-6 SNPs rs1800795 and IL-1β SNPs rs16944 and rs1143627 gene polymorphisms and their association with the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients in Surakarta, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the association between IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-1β rs16944 with COVID-19 clinical severity. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design conducted at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital and centralized isolation of the Donohudan Hajj Dormitory from May to November 2021. A total of 120 COVID-19 patients were divided into 3 groups: asymptomatic, mild-moderate, and severe-critical. The detection of IL-6 SNPs rs1800795 and IL-1β SNPs rs16944 was carried out by quantitative PCR (qPCR) examination, and IL-6 and IL-1β were determined by the ELISA method. Result: There was no significant association between IL-6 SNPs rs1800795 (p=1.000) and IL-1β SNPs rs16944 (p=0.119) with clinical severity. In IL-1β SNPs rs16944 gene polymorphisms, the GG genotype was more commonly found in the asymptomatic group. AG genotype was commonly found in the symptomatic group (mild to critical). There was a significant association between IL-1β levels and clinical severity (p=0.03), whereas the association between IL-6 levels and clinical severity is not significant (p=0.103). Conclusion: There was a correlation between IL-1β levels with clinical severity. In IL-1β SNPs rs16944, the GG genotype may act as a protective factor, whereas the AG genotype may act as a factor that increases the clinical severity of COVID-19. © 2023, Sanglah General Hospital. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
This research investigates how Islamic rural banks performed during the Covid-19 outbreak and how diversification is associated with the performance of the banks. Islamic rural banks provide a unique setting because they serve limited customers in a specific region in Indonesia, different from national commercial banks that accommodate all types of customers in all regions. To investigate this issue, we employ panel data of 164 Islamic rural banks dispersed across 23 provinces in Indonesia from 2020q4-2021q3. We find that covid-19 is negatively associated with the profitability of Islamic rural banks, implying that covid 19 has affected all sectors, including banks with niche markets such as Islamic rural banks. We also find that diversification is negatively related to the Islamic rural banks' performance. This finding suggests that instead of expanding their business scope, Islamic rural banks should focus on their main business activity because their non-financing income is adversely related to their performance. Our finding suggests that policymakers effectively monitor Islamic rural banks to remain focused on their main business activity. © 2021 Asociación Española de Historia Económica.
ABSTRACT
This article aims to clarify that there are several elements critical for ensuring the efficacy of law. The view of efficacy that emphasizes the objective and comply with the law is narrow and inadequate. New insights and understanding are required to strengthen the realization of the concept of the efficacy of law. The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia forms a background to understand the efficacy of law. The study uses a socio-legal approach based on Indonesian experience in preventing the spread of COVID-19 through law reform. The government enacted at least 188 new regulations regarding the public health system, restrictions on activities in public spaces, and national economic recovery to manage the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first wave of the viral infection showed that the existing regulations failed to meet their objectives. The regulations that prohibited social activities led to economic disincentives within the society. In addition, these workers could not access the social security program. The regulations restricted their work activities and, in turn, affected their compliance with the law and its enforcement power. New ways are needed to solve problems that constitute unexpected impacts of the COVID-19 prevention regulations. © 2022 International Journal of Health Sciences.All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Purpose - This study examined the integration of task and game-based learning into an online Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) preparatory course taught at two Indonesian higher education institutions (HEI) over a period of 20 online class meetings totaling 40 class hours. Methodology - Using a single-case experimental design, it engaged undergraduate students enrolled in a TOEFL preparatory course in March 2021 at Politcknik Perkerctaapian Indonesia Madiun (N = 48) and Universitas Muhadi Setiabudi, Indonesia (N = 48). The study used multiple t-tests and one-way ANOVA with Cohen d to determine the degree of impact on students' total outcome on pretest and post-test, as well as their scores on particular skills. Findings - Multiple paired-sample t-tests revealed significant improvement in students' overall scores (t (95) = 15.35, p < 001) and in specific-skills scores for Listening Comprehension (t (95) = 10.32, p < 001), Structure and Written Expression (t (95) = 5.90, p < 001), and Reading Comprehension (t (95) = 5.63, p < 001). Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA revealed significant variations in students' overall and individual skills ratings in study programs. However, the percentage of students who achieved the required TOEFL scores for admission to both institutions was significantly different. Significance - The findings have major implications for both the lecturers at the two institutions and the designers of TOEFL preparatory programs. This study sheds light on an online TOEFL preparatory course that teaches students through task- and game-based learning. To run this program successfully, teachers' creativity in generating materials (tasks) and incorporating digital technologies is essential.
ABSTRACT
Although the Indonesian Government has made policies to interupt the COVID-19 chain transmission including to set a price for laboratory tests, the fact in Indonesia has not yet reached the laboratory test target. Seeing the current situation, raising public awareness to break the chain of transmission of COVID-19 plays important role. This study used the planned behavior theory to analyze qualitatively the public's intention and response voluntarily in COVID-19 laboratory test in Indonesia mainly among youth. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 participants. The data was analyzed by using content analysis. Participants were not willing to do the COVID-19 lab test voluntarily to find out whether they were infected with COVID-19 or not because they felt that the COVID-19 lab test was too expensive so they decided that they would voluntarily do the test if it was free. It is recommended to the government to give education to the public that one of ways to break the chain of COVID-19 transmission is the public have to contribute in doing a COVID-19 laboratory test voluntarily to carry out a minimum test as determined by WHO. © 2022, Social Medicine Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 has a huge impact on medical workers’ existence. They are at the forefront of treating Covid-19 patients. The high mortality rate for medical workers, especially doctors, indicates the need to regulate the doctor’s office so that there is no paralysis of health services during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data on the high mortality rate for health workers, especially doctors, need to get more attention. Besides, the ratio of doctors to the population is essential. The increasing number in doctors’ death rates causes doctors’ ratio to the population to decrease and needs to be anticipated by restricting the practice of private doctors. Restriction of services in private doctor’s practice places will cause the quality and quantity of services to decrease. Legal protection is also needed for doctors to limit their services in practice places. The government issued several legal rules. It was Act Number 36 the Year 2014 on Health Workers Article 57 paragraph (4) and from medical professional organizations to manage the restriction of health services in private practice. Covid-19 pandemichas created a policy in restricting the health services in doctor’s private practice, aiming to reduce the impact of deaths on doctors. This is following the Medical Act and Medical Ethics Code.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 flare-up in Indonesia has been reacted to with detachment by the focal government, which stressed that Indonesia has not experienced numerous instances of contamination, if by any stretch of the imagination. The Indonesia wellbeing priest had likewise created a ruckus with his open proclamation on the COVID-19 when he urged the individuals to depend on 'petition' as a preventive mark as he ticked off the individuals who purchased covers at a more significant expense. Actually, the COVID-19 episode has in truth devastatingly affected Indonesia's economy, particularly the movement and the travel industry segment. The marvel of agreement marriage is a typical wonder that happens in the Southeast Asian area. The act of agreement relationships is as of now predominant in a few Southeast Asian nations, for example, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. In Indonesia, the act of agreement relationships happens in a few locales, for example, West Java, Central Java and East Java and Kalimantan which are completed by remote men from the Middle East. This has become upsides and downsides among Indonesian individuals. Already, Saudi sex searchers hit Thailand during the 80s . In 1989, when relations between the two nations experienced issues brought about by a case called "blue jewel business", the Government of Saudi Arabia disallowed its residents from visiting Thailand. Subsequently, visitors from Saudi Arabia and followed by different sightseers from the Gulf nations made a beeline for Indonesia. © 2020 SERSC.